Thank you! It appears my host file was simply a blank text file. I am not one to mess around with my computer's system files, so I don't know why this file would have been changed. Regardless I was able to find what its contents should be and restore it.
Now the IDE is at least opening a window, although it appears to be stuck on the initial loading screen indefinitely. I had to use a keyboard interrupt in the terminal when using that method to figure out the issue. Was able to resolve with this help of this thread.
Now the IDE opens and I can edit code. Thank goodness! And thank you for all your help!