I'm writing some external libraries for my project and for many of them a simple #include "Arduino.h" is enough.
However, i'm using a SD Card shield so i need to include the arduino's library <SD.h>
How can i do that from the exterior of the IDE?
You can #include the header file for any libraries you need in your .cpp files and that makes those declarations available for you to use within that .cpp file. However, in order for the sketch as a whole to build correctly you must also #include the main header file from each library used in your sketch in the .ino file(s), even if your .ino files don't need to use any of the declarations from the header files. This is because the IDE uses the set of #included files to work out which libraries are referenced which determines the set of source files that get compiled and linked into your sketch.