Inside EthernetUdp.h :
#define UDP_TX_PACKET_MAX_SIZE 24
Your code:
const int NTP_PACKET_SIZE = 48; // NTP time stamp is in the first 48 bytes of the message
byte packetBuffer[NTP_PACKET_SIZE]; //buffer to hold incoming and outgoing packets
You may want to try increasing UDP_TX_PACKET_MAX_SIZE to 48 (in the library) and try again.