My colleague suggested using a USB 2.0 hub instead of a USB 3.0 hub. It ran for over 3+ hours, no problem. This isn't a solution for me because I need the camera to work at USB 3.0 speeds, but it's a useful clue.
Thus, tomorrow I will try using the Arduino Ethernet I had lying around along with the FTDI friend from Adafruit. This is slightly inconvenient as I would like to use pins 10,11,12, and 13 (which are used for Ethernet on this board), but it will be a great test to determine if the usbser.sys Windows driver is the problem or if it's something else. The fact that the other hardware I'm using also uses the FTDI driver (which never crashes) leads me to believe this is a worthwhile test.
Are there any other Arduinos, with the same connections as the UNO that use the FTDI chip? It seemed like early versions of the Arduino UNO used this chip, but that doesn't seem to be the case anymore.