I should very much like to add some things here during the next day (just in a hurry). Though I generally do not contradict to cr0sh's sound opinions, I will in this case:
- I have hardly ever used a resistor outside the E3 series, this is around what you already have on your pick list. Buy 100 of each of them. That might sound ridiculous, but they will cost the same as 50, and 20 are definitely not enough.
- Don't buy any 78xx there are fine replacements, and you dont need 100 but 5 pcs. will do for the start
I shall come out with a shopping list soon (opamp, ...) You might form some ideas about LEDs in the meantime yourself (1.8mm? 3mm? 5mm? RGB? Dual color? with internal resitors?)
First investments feel expensive... How much $ do you plan to spend? $100?, $200? $300? If even more waits in your purse, than please. please think of purchasing an oscilloscop - it is an eye-opener, it will give you the best of information what is happening, and it will save you hundreds of hours of frustrating debugging.
What tools do you have already?