Stepper stalling when not connected to Arduino

At low speeds you won't draw much current from the 24V supply, 0.4A may be enough, but its too low
for fast operation. The driver acts as a buck regulator.

The vibration may mean you've connected something wrong - like the motor windings.

Never disconnect/connect stepper motor windings from/to a live stepper driver, always power
down first (otherwise its likely you'll blow up the driver).