I have done it and it does not upload de code.
When connected to the PC via USB cable, it is recognized by the PC as being online but than the upload is not done.
1 - Is there any way to test just the ATmega chip?
2 - For testing the other components, is there a risk of one of them being defective and damage the new Arduino?
Try burning the bootloader.
If this does not work and you have access to a second Arduino, try programming it via ISCP.
Depending on where the short circuit happened, you may still power your Arduino using the Vin pin applying 6.5V-12V. If the voltage regulator was fried you can try applying 5V (but not more!) to the 5V pin.
You can build a functioning Arduino with the ATmega328P chip following the instructions on https://www.gammon.com.au/breadboard or elsewhere on the Internet.
It would help if you posted the complete error message
The good news is that the serial-to-usb converter probably survived. If your board does NOT use the CH340 serial-to-usb converter, you can run the loopback test (Loop-Back Test Instructions) to check that.