Toggle button NE555 trigged over Arduino

Right.
These schematics are readable.
You are using the transistor as if it were a switch (that is your goal).
You added a few diodes in the line between the charging capacitor and the threshold and trigger pins.
This changes the way your 555 will operate, but doesn't per se kill it.

But where will the current go, needed for the transistor to work ?
You'll have to figure out some other way to use your transistor to switch your blinker.