The Augmented Reality guys have made it easy for you to detect the position and orientation of a marker in 3-d space. Positioning a camera viewport at the equivalent coordinates in a 3D model and rendering the resulting view is even easier.
If you aren't willing to use markers, I've seen demos of markerless object detection in 3D but it looks a lot harder to do. In any case this is an image processing problem that you will solve on a PC, and not a problem for the Arduino.