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Yes, there is usually such an option. Nowadays we tend to use USB sticks so i guess I should have said LiveUSB rather than LiveDVD, but the idea is the same, it allows you to boot the distro to have a look at without installing it.
Short cut to a command terminal is usually Ctrl-Alt-T.
That’s because the file system was not dismounted properly. Assuming shutdown done in haste?
The superblock is going to be invalid because only /dev/sdb2 is an ext partition, not the entire disk.
That is now post automatic cleanup and looks fine.
As a matter of curiosity, when the system freezes, are you able to get a response to Ctrl-Alt-F1?(Ctrl-Alt-F7 should return to a graphical environment).
While booted from the USB stick, can you show:
sudo smartctl -x /dev/sdb