Actually there is some kind of such in depth information. Unfortunately not for Arduino and not in English. It is found here:
http://www.mikrocontroller.net/articles/AVR-GCC-Tutorial
If you want to go the "professional" route: learn how to build from the command line. Learn how to use the Arduino libraries without the "setup" and "loop" but with "main". Learn about version control (git recommended 
). Once you have this in place I am pretty much sure that you will not need such documentation anymore. And you will understand why nobody will write it. I would bet that you will not write it as well.
BTW: my book is an attempt to guide people along these lines. However it is in German. So probably not that relevant for you.