Using 5v / 5-10Amp to power LED panels AND 3.3v Adafruit Feather

This is surprising for me too. Apparently you are very lucky. Never do this again, as it almost always burns out the 3v board.

You need to use a 5v - 3v3 voltage regulator between your power supply and the 3v pin on the board.
Or, if the board has a VIN input, you can connect 5V there