Using a CP2103 to program an ATMEGA328-PU

The data sheet says about that value

Which is not the same thing as handling it. It might not work under those conditions, I fact it might not work with anything above the supply voltage.

You will see Table 3 doesn’t have a maximum input voltage, that doesn’t mean there is none, it means at the power rail.

I would also check that the DTR line is high when the converter is connected to a USB line and selected in a serial monitor.