You can use an analog multiplexer. They come in 8 or 16 channel versions. For an 8 channel chip, you would use 3 digital pins to select which input you want, then the appropriate channel will be routed through to your single analog input.
The multiplexer itself has a separate pin to select the chip. If you want more than one multiplexer chip, you simply use a different digital output pin to select each each chip.
So with a bunch of these chips you could build up quite a large keyboard.