Hi all.
I'm having similar problems with waveshare micro sd card and Arduinio UNO R3.
First I connected the card directly to Arduino UNO R3. As long as I run relatively light r/w transactions it worked quite well, but then I run a performance test on the card (quite intensive r/w) and it stopped working. Apparently it just died (no fancy explosions though, it was a clean, silent death). Then I realized the card works on a 3,3 V logic level and Arduino works on 5 V. Should have checked that in the first place!
Then I started looking for ways to adapt the voltage from 5V to 3,3V. I found an interesting link from Adafruit where they warn against using resistor dividers or long cables with the newest cards, because the generated wave won't be square enough. They also state that these cards can draw 100mA or more in read operations! They recommend instead several level shifters to achive this (haven't tried them yet though):