Water TDS Measurement

Can you post a screen shot of your scope?

The time constant for your setup is resistance * capacitance. You may calculate it yourself with what new value of resistance you used. You are waiting 100 microseconds. If the time constant is not in the order of 20-30 microseconds, you are not giving enough time to charge. I saw your code, your charging is right. I'm yet to read the rest of your code.