Currently; I have a I2C proximity sensor connected to my Arduino Uno. Wiring shouldn't be any different for your Temp sensor.
UNO Sensor
5V VIN
GND GND
SDA A4
SCL A5
I just ran the I2C scanner, this is what I get.
Once we get your wiring correct. Then we can move on to the next step. Getting data from the sensor and print it to the serial monitor. I'm waiting for another BMP280 sensor. Should be here in the next few days. The BME280 that I do have, is connected to a Wemos and publishing to MQTT over WiFi. So that's not going to help us out any here.
Edit: Hmmm. I just found and ordered several of these for around the house: Overview | Adafruit MCP9808 Precision I2C Temperature Sensor Guide | Adafruit Learning System