Can I have a 15 meter USB cable to transfer data from the sensors like temperature and humidity from the roof to my room?
You probably can't buy a 15m cable because the maximum cable length in the USB system is 5m. As you can have up to 5 hubs in between you can extend that to about 30m. So your problem can be solved but not with a single cable.
I would use 433 MHz radios.