What will the voltage be at my input pin?

I was providing at least 3V through my body. Is that right?

Yes that is correct. You only need a very tiny amount of current through your body.

if using a 100 ohm resistor between a 5V power and a pin was a safe way of keeping the arduino safe.

For a discussion of protection of you input pins see:-
http://www.thebox.myzen.co.uk/Tutorial/Protection.html

but it is not needed for normal playing about with the Arduino.