I am using Window 7 and there is no "ArduinoParty" folder on my system.
My system has a My Documents\Arduino\libraries\ but it is missing the "ArduinoParty".
I am interested in viewing the Keyboard library in particular http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/MouseKeyboard
Where are the Arduino libraries?
The only reliable reference is the Arduino source code.
Personally, I have no idea what you are talking about, or why you think there should be a ArduinoParty directory in your sketch folder's libraries directory.
The Arduino Libary Guide says "ArduinoParty" is the place to manually install libraries: http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/Libraries
But I apparently that's not relevant.
I am new to Arduino and trying to figure out where things are.
The Keyboard library is working on my Arduino IDE.
Where can I view the library's source code?
That's not what it says. ArduinoParty is just an example name of a library they are using. The relavent part is here:
Drag the ArduinoParty folder into this folder (your libraries folder). Under Windows, it will likely be called "My Documents\Arduino\libraries". For Mac users, it will likely be called "Documents/Arduino/libraries". On Linux, it will be the "libraries" folder in your sketchbook.
Although, this is outside the scope of your question as you aren't trying to install a library, you're trying to view the source of a library that ships with the IDE. Why not simply try searching for "Keyboard.h" on your computer to see where the file is located?
A search of my hard drive found no "Keyboard.h"; perhaps the Arduino IDE default Arduino libraries are only object code.
A goolge search of "Keyboard.h" arduino, found many Keyboard projects on GitHub.
The official Arduino libraries are on https://github.com/arduino/Arduino/tree/master/libraries
But searching this repository didn't find any code matching 'keyboard.h'
You might be wanting to examine the Keyboard class? If so, that is in the USBAPI.h and HID.cpp files in hardware/arduino/cores/arduino folder inside the IDE installation.