Why don't CPUs and microcontrollers operate on 24v?

The problem is that as circuits get smaller and smaller and faster and faster the basic technology still remains the same. TRANSISTORS. ANd these transistors don't always switch on and off as cleanly as we might desire. So there is some time when 2 devices are conducting when one of them should be off. Kind of like an H-Bridge. By going to lower voltages the current in those shorted conditions is less and less heat is generated.