Hi,
The basis of pedagogy were built before the digital era.
Well. Hmmmm... There are many many PedagogieS and hundreds of books about the Process Of Teaching and the Process of Learning.
I don't think the recipients of Teaching, who are doing most of the Learning: (Humans, mostly young Humans) have actually changed much, certainly not in the 70+ years since I started to "go to school".
I think the area that is most worth trying to understand is the "Theory Of Knowledge". Most IB (International Baccalaureate) schools (Typically International Schools in other countries, but increasingly in USA), have their students take a significant class that the kids call "TOK". My wife was involved in teaching some of that class in Saudi Arabia and North Africa and I, as the Nosy Engineer, followed some of it and read part of the book used. It seemed to make a lot of sense to me. And many kids connected with the ideas. (These are High School Juniors and Seniors)..
The big change is in the available Media. And hands-on learning is much more workable than it was in 1946.
You said
The second step is to make things visible. Arduino is not visible.
Yes, and I cover that situation a lot. See:
This is from THIS Page which is used by hundreds of students.
I don't think any hands-on electronics device or system is any better than Arduino. The Pedagogy applied is what matters.