The thermo resistor reads at 16.8K ohm.
In that case, you would use the thermistor in a voltage divider with a resistor in the range of 10-22 K. Connect the center tap to an analog input, as described in the many thermistor tutorials.
To calibrate it, you need to measure the thermistor resistance at three or more accurately known temperatures in the range of roughly 0 - 30 C and use this web site (among several possibilities) to calculate the Steinhart-Hart coefficients.
If the Peltier will just be used for cooling, then a simple MOSFET driver will work to control it, similar to the drawing below (replace the motor with the Peltier module).
