Wiring of Robot car going to damage Arduino? And powering the project

Sensors usually only require a very small current, not enough to worry about.

There are exceptions, like gas sensors which have a heating element inside them and so need quite a large current. But your photo sensors will require only a tiny current.

The Arduino itself will probably need 20~30mA.

Where did you read this? I think you misunderstood. The L298 will draw very little current for itself, a few mA. But it is powering the motors, and they will probably require hundreds of milliamps for each motor.