Would an arduino and relay board kill a car battery?

If you have 12V going to the 16 Chanel Relay Board with the ignition OFF and the Arduino UNO is powered off, then ALL relays would be energized. This would draw about 1.5 amps continuously from the battery.

Rather than guessing, could you show us your circuit/connection diagram?

Do you have the relay board version without the 5 volt buck converter installed ... like this?