You will need an external USB interface chip, such as one of the FTDI chips.
Typically, people add an SPI header and use a programmer like Atmel-ICE or use an Arduino as programming tool.
It sounds like you are seeking to reproduce the functionality of an Arduino Nano on your own board.
I would consider
place header pins so you can just plug in an Arduino Nano
use the Nano schematic as a starting point
You might find that there already Nano designs in KiCad, which you may be able to use. It is also possible to import the original Nano PCB files into KiCad.
How's this different from or an addition to the plethora of small development boards based on a whole slew of microcontrollers currently in existence?
No, it's not. The Nano ('Classic') is based on the 328P. The 328PB is a later version that's a snap-in replacement of the 'P, but extends its functionality in a few areas. The PB did not exist when the Nano was conceptualized.
A little while ago I designed a Atmega328PB board that is footprint compatible with a nano, except it has no built in USB chip. It has (two times) the Arduino Promini connectors to connect a USB/Serial adapter to both UART's.
There is a variant with and one without crystal and you can program (a bootloader) via the 6-pin ISP connector.
Oh. Okay, your previous thread said:
Attached are the Eagle boards files, that can be imported into Diptrace, Kicad, etc.
So I thought I'd ask, as I have an ancient Eagle on my machine.
Thanks
Diptrace can do a few exports. Eagle Board is one of them, but if that does not work and you recognize another export format that you can import, best PM me for another export.
That's not true, BTW. An actual Arduino Nano uses an ATmega328P (no "B")
The PB variant is "mostly" compatible, but is newer, has some extra features, and costs less.
But you should be aware of the differences.