Is it possible to program the microprocessor chip on the board and then remove it, plug it into a breadboard, and use it in some circuitry to perform its loaded code? I would love to be able to have several microprocessors, each coded differently, connected in some overly complicated circuity! If so what types of ICs can be programed? I hope my question makes sense :-/
Yes for the arduino system it is certainly possible to preprogram a sketch into the chip while it's in the arduino board, then remove the chip to a breadboard. The only support the chip will need on the breadboard is a pull up resistor for the reset pin and a crystal or resonator.
Great! With my Duemilanove, can I program the onboard ATMEGA168, and remove it to a breadboard? Will I still only need the supporting pull-up and crystal?
"Will I still only need the supporting pull-up and crystal?"
If you use a crystal you need two caps, however the three termial resonator has caps internal. You may want a small push button reset switch, however just power off and on the breadboard will restart the program. Of course your breadboard needs to have a good regulated 5vdc power source for the micro and it's good practice to install a small .1mfd cap between the +5vdc pin and ground mounted close to the micro chip.
Here is a module I bought recently that mounts to a breadboard but has the minimum needed support parts. It comes with a 168 chip with the arduino bootloader already in it. It saves some breadboarding wiring and makes the module more portable. Well worth $10.
I`m having a problem trying to find a 6 pin box socket
I've used Farnell part number 109-6984, which is a 6-way header with a polarising "box" around it. I like to always have polarised connectors, to avoid that accidental but fatal reversal. They're made by Harting, manufacturer's part number 0918 506 7324. 66p each.