When I read about these STM32 based boards, they cannot be programmed directly by the USB port. They need some programming interface, that is often called a programmer.
The seller of this board got a bit documentation, and it states that the USB-port is for power only:
https://vi.aliexpress.com/item/1005004350343469.html
I do have wires to connect the board and programmer, but I cannot find out how, because names do not match what I can find elsewhere. But perhaps this programmer I got is not suitable. I do not see any clock pin on it. The pins are named as some old serial RS232C interface. Some limited information can be found here:
https://vi.aliexpress.com/item/1005001609276573.html
It seems that many use the STlink V3 programmer now, and perhaps I need to get that. But they got more versions as well. With the Arduino IDE you can select one of four types of STM32CubeProgrammers, that might apply.