Possible current depends on the 5V supply. Worst case is 5V from 17V, what leaves not much current for the 5V output and still less for the derived 3.3V. If instead the 5V come from USB or a 5V power supply then the 3.3V regulator allows for much more current.
As a rule of thumb an Arduino board should not be used as a power supply, except for a few LED or low power sensors.
Nothing.
It's a documentation error. Which is correct who knows. However, pinout diagram also states 50mA. So it's two to one against the 150mA. Safe bet is 50mA.
The voltage regulator fitted is type LP2985-33DBVR.
The manufacturer's datasheet calls it a 150mA, Low-Noise, Low-Dropout Regulator with shutdown.
The 150mA limit will be dependant on it having adequate heatsinking from the PCB.
Long standing error in the Uno/Mega documentation, carried over from the first types where the 3.3volt was taken from the USB chip. All Uno R3 and Mega boards now have a dedicated 3.3volt/150mA regulator, that takes it's power from the 5volt rail. Small boards, like the classic Nano v3, still take 3.3volt from the USB chip, with that 50mA limit.
Leo..