Thanks. I likely can't use a ready made doorbell as it would record my neighbours and the street, which is illegal here.
I'll need to check if I can find an angle that only records my front yard (and has access to mains).
Well invite us all over for a day and I'm sure someone will find a solution. I have a big drill that will go through cinderblock if needed
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I tried creating a diagram (sorry, first time):
I think this should give me everything I need (except the SIP/VoIP calling, which I really want, but I probably can't achieve with my current level of knowledge).
Could somebody tell me if 2A is a good fuse size? To my knowledge the esp32 uses at most 1,2A and the dflplayer mini 0.2A.
What's the point? 24Vx2A is 48W.
Do you even know how much current your 24V transformer can supply?
Esp32 doesn't draw 1.2A in any (working) situation. Maybe 250mA peak. Relay module max 100mA. At 5V, so less than 2W together
I am hoping that if my contraption short circuits that my house doesn't burn down. Should I pick something else?
But tbf: I actually don't know how much my transformer can supply.
For that purpose it's ok. You could pick smaller one.
Where is that 12V coming from?
I have a bad feeling about this project. OP is taking power from a source that he knows nothing about. Most systems do not have much extra current to share with other users because there should not be any poachers. The doorbell systems I am familiar with use impedance limited power transformers for safety so there may not be any extra current.
So how does this system know that the button is pushed??
I thought there was 24VDC for power and the 12VAC indicated that the button was pushed.
Wait until the landlord consider the buildings doorbell system obsolete. Pof
Yeah, I realized this yesterday evening while trying to fall asleep 
But that made me realize, that there might not be a cable for the buzzer running to the intercom. I have 4 fires, two for Vin and GND, one for voice and one for the button outside the door? That would make sense with what my electrician has told me: The wires for the buzzer inside the doorframe aren't connected to the buzzer itself. He didn't have time to check the whole wiring though. I'll have to call him to find out what's going on.
@kmin
I likely don't have that 12V wire where I want to install the ESP. I'll have to recheck.
@herbschwarz
I'll not hook anything up to the power source without checking how much it can provide, but thank you for your concern 
Like I proposed earlier, try to find the transformer, verify the current rating and identify wires connected to it. Open the doorbell button and identify wires there as well.
That gives you start point.
That is probably true. I think the Siedle intercom had a speaker inside that worked as the "buzzer". I think you need to monitor the 12VAC signal to see if the button was pushed.
That reply made me realize that I used the wrong word. Apologies, I thought the electric release was called a buzzer. Because it makes a buzzing sound when I let somebody in. Sorry.
Next stop: Getting the cables identified and making sure the transformer has enough power for my shenannigans.
So your doorbell system is for an apartment building.
I was assuming all along that this was for a single residence.
It's a single residence. Just to be 100% sure: That's what I would like to control (too) once I have mapped the wires
https://www.easygates.co.uk/product/cdvi-gae-12cc-electric-strike-lock-release-kit/
OK.
So I doubt that there is existing wiring for an electric door lock.
Hmm, what would the wires inside the doorframe be for then? Here (germany) it's pretty standard to have these electric door locks.
The former owner never lived in the place, so I can't ask them anything and we don't live in that house yet, and atm I don't have the time to check the wiring as much as I would like to.
So test if those wires on the door frame are the two "extra" wires next to 24V ones.
Then this makes sense. Two wires for door lock and line from transformer passing through the doorbell button.
For the button that someone would push.
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