How much voltage i should use when i have an Arduino Uno, 4 DC motor with dc 3V to 5V input, one L298N driver, ESP 8266 01, and 2 small LEDs
Voltage does not add up when adding an additional devices. The current is added up. Each module must receive the voltage that is written in the specification, regardless of the presence of other devices.
It looks like you have quite a bit of experience in electrical engineering, it’s better to start by repeating your school physics course.
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@bhaswara - This is Key!
Each device operates according to its own specifications; it neither knows nor cares what other devices you might have in your system - all that matters is that what they "feed" to it is within its specifications, and what they demand from it is within its specifications
I would say around 7V
The Uno can be powered with 6.5~12V, through its onboard 5V regulator and can provide a 5V output. However, when used like this the 5V output can be connected only to a circuit that needs a small current, like your 2 LEDs, for example. It cannot be used to provide 5V power to motors. This would burn out the 5V regulator.
Your ESP requires 3.3V to power it. The Uno's 3.3V regulator can probably provide this, but you should add a large electrolytic cap to help smooth the current at 3.3V. You must also not connect any 5V signals from the Uno to the ESP pins, or damage can occur. A voltage divider can be used to reduce or "level-shift" the 5V signals to 3.3V.
Your LEDs will require series resistors chosen to give the required current from whatever voltage power you plan to use.
L298 is not a great choice. It is an old design and inefficient. It will drop 2~3V, so if you provide 7V power, your motors will get 4~5V, which is ok but if you use batteries, much of the battery capacity will be wasted as heat from the motor driver and the Uno's regulator.
If this were my project, I would remove the Uno, the ESP-01 and the L298 and replace them with, for example, a Wemos Mini, a more modern design of motor driver and a 3.7V supply (li-ion battery).
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