The only way would be to revert the change in the Arduino IDE's Java source code and rebuild the Arduino IDE from source,
The preferences GUI was determined to be unnecessary:
https://github.com/arduino/Arduino/pull/8638#issuecomment-471691278
Is "Aggressively cache compiled core" really needed as a user visible setting?
when core caching was introduced I feared it could have side effects so I pushed to introduce the flag (I think it can be safely removed now since no bug related to that functionality was ever reported).
It's compiler.cache_core. It's probably already in your preferences.txt file. If you want aggressive caching enabled (the default), then set it to true:
compiler.cache_core=true
Or if you want to disable the feature:
compiler.cache_core=false