PID with simulated heater or motor

Here are the plain Arduino PID example code demos implemented in Wokwi:

I think the simulation where you are the process/plant and use a slide potentiometer to communicate your ProcessVariable to the PID are the most hands-on in understanding those PID examples:

imagehttps://wokwi.com/projects/412997833205485569

and

image https://wokwi.com/projects/410423413759806465