You do have to recompile the whole FPGA project that you want as a basis for your additions.
There are no ways of adding IP separately, at least not with the Cyclone 10 LP.
But note that the project is using some Intel IP that requires licensing (Nios II /f and 16550 UART), so there are two versions of the project - the full, and the "lite" one. The "lite" falls back to free Nios II /e, and disables the UARTs.
I'm not quite sure why the paid uart was used in the first place, you will have to either deal with it (have the license, or replace with other implementation), or tolerate the cores missing.