I recently saw someone who had these Arduino Cores available in their board manager after 1.6.21 - which is the latest Core I have available to update to.
A web search only turned up a couple of posts on Github.
Can anyone tell me what these cores are and how people get access to them?
Those are the beta versions of Arduino AVR Boards, used for testing before the production release. They are required if you want to use one of the new AVR chips like ATmega328PB. To install it: