Hello.
I have this Arduino Mega, and I accidentally burned both the Atmega2560 and CH340G chips. I replaced the Atmega2560 chip with a new one, but I haven't bought a new CH340G yet. Is it safe to connect the Arduino to a 12V power supply without the CH340G, which is used for USB to Serial TTL UART communication? Of course, without the CH340G, it's not possible to update the new software in Arduino Mega.
I also replaced the 5V regulator with a new one."
You can supply voltage to the Mega in a variety of ways. If you replaced the regulator, using 8 volts or more should be fine.
Safer, no problem: supply regulated 5 volts yourself, I don't know which pin for sure but there is one for that.
And yes you can too put new software on the Mega. It just won't be as easy and convenient as using the USB chip normally as you are accustomed to.
That's what the ICSP pins are for. You can get a device or program another Arduino to do it. I have used an UNO in that roll.
Good luck and how didja managed to damages your board? Don't do that anymore.
a7
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Thank you for the response. I will try to program the MEGA using UNO. I know it's a bit more challenging, but I did it once last year for testing purposes. By the way, the project I'm working on is for learning, and it's set up in my apartment to display various information on the screen. I had connected various sensors to this Arduino MEGA: DS18B20 DS3231 ZMCT103C ESP01S TFT2.4" P82B96 BMP280 MQ7 MQ135 AHT10 And some others 
Most of them got damaged when my 5-year-old son somehow connected 230V to the 12V supply, and everything got fried, including the Arduino MEGA. I replaced all the damaged sensors, and I got a new MEGA, but for learning purposes, I want to try and repair this MEGA :)"
I would say wow to that, except that when I was in the access control industry one of the installers managed to do exactly the same thing. His excuse was "how was I expected to know that". I was asked by senior management if somebody would be expected to know that. I replied "I would expect ten year old to know that".
So looks like your son has five years to learn. 
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