First of all, thanks for helping me out!
stuart0:
BTW. Have you re-tested the led strip (without the mosfet) to make sure that it's not damaged?
Yup, strip is good and also works pretty well with other FET: IRF540.
TomGeorge:
Did you measure the voltage at the gate and the drain when you were switching the MOSFET ON and OFF?
Make sure you have the 10K from gate to source connected ALL the time.
I haven't measured the actual voltage on the gate, just on arduino pin. As for the drain – yes, I've measured it on the LED strip. OFF is 0V and on was 8.1V, for IRF540 it is 9.7V. It's not 12V because of quite lousy jump wires, but even with those the performance of IRF540 is significantly different from IRL2505.
TomGeorge:
Also measure your 12V supply when you switch ON and OFF?
What is your 12V supply?
A picture of your project will help, so we can see your layout.
It's a 12V 4.16A PSU from a computer display (looks like the one used for laptops). Haven't measured the actual voltage there, but I don't think that's an issue, because when I connect 12V from that PSU to the FET's gate, it switches fully ON. Pictures coming in the evening (EET), since I'm at the office now