Your I2C "backpack" should be mounted to pins 1 to 16. Pin 1 is denoted by a square pad when the others are round.
Backpack connections must be soldered - either directly to the display, or pin headers and sockets soldered on and plugged together.
If you connect power only to the assembly, the backlight will probably not light up, but you should be able to adjust the contrast potentiometer until a row of "blocks" show up on the first (and third, I think) lines. You must be able to see the blocks before you can do anything else.
When you can see the blocks, you need to use the "I2Cguesser" sketch to determine the correct constructor. Or have you already got this same backpack working with a small display? I daresay we need to know that.
You do need to explain what you do and do not get - is the backlight lighting up? Do you get the blocks?