It's for any data you want to preserve if you power the Arduino off and on again. I like to use it to save High Scores on little Arduino games.
Careful though, it has a limited number of write cycles so be sure your sketch isn't writing to the EEPROM on every pass of the main loop though, or it won't take long to get there. https://docs.arduino.cc/tutorials/uno-r4-minima/eeprom/
the EEPROM has also a limit of 100,000 write cycles per single location, therefore avoiding rewriting the same value in any location will increase the EEPROM overall life.