I want to make a project permanent. I learned that I could use only the atmega328 microchip from the Arduino on a breadboard like that:
5V phone chargers work well as power supplies.
The ATmega328 will run on any voltage between 2 and 5V, but you need an 8 MHz crystal for voltages lower than about 4V, and choose the appropriate board in the Arduino IDE (I use 3.3V Pro Mini).
When using the bare chip, you really need to study its datasheet - that will answer all questions about what voltages it requires, what speeds you can run it at, etc ...
Note that the Arduino UNO R3 actually uses an atmega328P:
Solderless breadboards are not great for making things permanent.
You can buy solderable boards that match the layout of a breadboard; eg,
and there are many other forms - matrix board, stripboard, etc
You need a 0.1uF ceramic decoupling capacitor across the power supply piins as physically close as you can get it to the pins.
So you just cut the micro USB / USB-C end of the cable and take the two wires VCC and GND and plug it in + and - of the breadboard?
I ask so stupid because I don't want to cut the cable and see that it isn't built like this.
Not a stupid question, but you can't rely on the wire colors to be as advertised. Those are common, but I've seen others. And for a USB charge-only cable, there may be only two wires.
If you don't have a multimeter, get one, and check for 5V. The data wires, if the cable is connected to a computer, will carry about half that with respect to common ground.
A multimeter is an absolutely invaluable tool for this hobby. This one is fine for starters.
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