Yes that opamp circuit can never work as the non-invering input is clamped to the positive rail. There's no
headroom for the output to source any current through the feedback resistor.
Running the photodiode at 0V will work, it just won't be as fast to respond as if it were
reverse biased.
The 47k resistor is far too high a value, that diode will need perhaps 5mA or so at full
solar irradiance, so 470 to 1k is the sort of value needed in your transimpedance amp.