Telephone switchboard intercom

OK. Thanks. The issue of the diodes in the speech path is now clear.

On the issue of the capacitors being the right way round how do you ensure that ? The AC is derived from the secondary coil of a transformer. What prevents the current flowing in both directions during a ring. Or I guess then I must have misunderstood something.

Maintaining a balanced line does add some complexity, but I guess a benefit is it is less susceptible to interference/noise.

I'll next have to consider how I can most easily inject dial tones etc. (probably MPU PWM derived) via the line interface into the caller's telephone in this balanced line scenario.