Additional things I tried in the meanwhile:
- replaced all wires
- replaced the DRV8825's with new ones
- double, triple checked the wiring
- tried different connections of voltage supply for arduino and the DRV's
- checked all digital pins of the arduino using different sensors and dc motors
Nothing fixed the problem.
Only thing I haven't replaced right now is the arduino itself. But I will leave it for now. Don't want to buy a new one right now.
Thanks for all of your help guys!