The marker indicates the location of the cursor on the page.
Under certain circumstances, yes. I'm not sure of any case where there will be while Arduino IDE is in the default configuration, but you will see markers for "problems" if you have the "Arduino › Language: Real Time Diagnostics" advanced setting enabled.
When using the "Find" feature (Edit > Find or Ctrl+F), there will be markers on the "ruler" for all occurrences matching the find query.
If you place the cursor on a line that contains a bracket, markers will be shown on the ruler for the locations of the opening and closing brackets.
That would be a question for the designers of the underlying framework upon which Arduino IDE is built. I'm not sure which at which layer the scrollbar design is implemented.
I see that VS Code has the same scrollbar design (the Eclipse Theia Platform IDE framework upon which Arduino IDE is built is based on code and the UI design of VS Code), and that this was intentional:
I've verified with those in the know that this is by design.
I share the views of that thread’s author. Basically an inexplicable loss of a useful feature. Particularly useful when comparing two sketches side-by-side.
Q1: I've never used any "Arrow marker", you can scroll (i.e. "precise contro") by using the mouse and dragging the "enhanced" area of the scroll bar, or by using Ctrl-Up or Ctrl-Down to scroll the visible area one line at a time.
Q3: other markers appears to show where the symbol under the cursor appars in the code, as small grey rectangles (here I have my cursor over "lcd" object):
NOTE: this is the standard 2.3.5+ application behaviour under Windows, I suspect it can change under MacOS but I can't tell because I don't have any MacOS system (and I don't like Apple...)
Thanks a bunch @docdoc. Embarrassed to confess it, but if I ever knew that Ctrl-Up or Ctrl-Down alternative then I'd forgotten it!
Now needs some muscle memory retraining. Only recently switched to v2 as my preferred IDE, after long use of 1.8.19.
Also using a setting of a 2 line minimum for mouse wheel, as 1 is a tad too slow.
Thanks also for your other answers. Re Q3, yes, subsequent experiment revealed the 'found' markers. BTW, F1 > marker and several other potentially relevant searches gave no hits.