To preface, circuit design and analysis is not my main expertise. Regardless, it's something I've been tasked with more recently. My education focused more on the software side of things. While I did take a couple courses in circuit analysis and instrumentation, I'd be lying if I said they got through to me in undergrad.
What are some resources (video series, courses, or books) that are considered quintessential in your mind or the community's opinion for learning more about hardware electronics and circuit design? Again, not with specific relevance to Arduino, but in general (though circuit design resources with information on best practices for working with microcontrollers in general are also appreciated).
For example, I know what capacitors do, but I couldn't begin to tell you all the common scenarios of when one should use them, where to place them. Same for inductors. Or certain ICs like op-amps, or certain things like filters. Why are EM components wired differently? When do I know if a certain component or IC will be subject to ringing? My knowledge has a lot of gaps, which is because most of my learning thus far has been through brute force - make it and see if it breaks then figure out why after. Not the best or my preferred method of doing things (plus it's getting expensive).
To summarize, resources that not just focus on what a component does in isolation, but how they can be applied to different circuits or configurations and why - holistic resources.
I do prefer textual media for these things like books, but I understand that video series are probably more helpful for visual demonstrations.