I have a device that produces a signal at +/-12V which I want to connect to a ADS1115, I have drawn up 3 different circuits but I am not sure which one would give the best result. The right and bottom circuit would be measured in differential mode.
The voltage applied to an ADS1115 input must be >= 0 and <= Vcc at all times, where Vcc = ADS1115 supply voltage. That applies to differential measurements as well as single-ended.
Negative input voltages will instantly destroy the ADS1115. It may not a good choice for your project.
-12V to +12V can be reduced to 0-5volt with a three-resistor voltage divider.
Ask Google for online calculators.
The average Arduino A/D will give you about 1000 steps across that 24volt span.
An ADS1115 could in theory do 32 times better than that.
Question is if you need that.
Leo..