The datasheet recommends a minimum V_in voltage of 6 V. However, from what I understand, there's a stepdown converter within that drops the current to 3.3 V. Why does it need to be 6 V minimum? I was planning on powering it with 5 V into the V_in; will this be fine, or do I really need above 6 V?
A very simple answer is that the regulator circuits need a higher voltage than the output in order to properly regulate and not be starved from working. That is called headroom.
That makes sense. Is there a test I can do to see if 5 V would be enough? Can I measure the voltage drop between the V_in and one of the GND pins and observe whether it's 3.3 V, for example?
I would have to say to do what the regulator data sheet advises because of many factors. The particular IC you have may work well with a given low voltage but, increased current output or higher operating temperature may require a higher input voltage. That kind of designing tends to bite us because it may work well today but be marginal another day.
Looking at the schematic, it appears that VIN is connected directly to the regulator whereas the USB-C/VUSB goes though a diode. So 5V should be sufficient?