This looks like an advanced project for a beginner... (I've never used an accelerometer or Bluetooth, so I can't help you with those details.)
Do you have any programming or electronics experience? How's your math & physics? If you are given the starting position, direction, acceleration, and time, can you calculate the new (or current) position? You can look that stuff up, but you might have to develop the related Arduino software yourself.
I suggest you read through the Arduino Language Reference and look at some of the Arduino Examples. You'll need a few miscellaneous electronic parts if you want to build any of the examples (except for the Blink LED examples that use the LED built onto the Arduino board).
Like any project, break it into parts.
You've got input via I2C, and output via Bluetooth, which can be developed separately. Once you can read the accelerometer and the Bluetooth is working, you can work on the code to process the data to get the positional information you need.
I didn't find the specs or datasheet for the Bluetooth board (I didn't really search that hard), but that's probably a good place to start. Make something that simply sends a message to your phone (or whatever Bluetooth device). If you can send a "Hello World" message to your Bluetooth device, the output side of your project is pretty much handled.
For the accelerometer, [u]SparkFun[/u] has links to some example code and the datasheet for the chip.
would like to build an accelerometer type device that spits out positional data and forces in real time over bluetooth.
I have no idea how sensitive this thing is.... I'm not so sure I'd trust it for slow movements. I'm not saying this won't work, and I don't know what your application is... I know they make devices that can measure 0-60 or 1/4 mile time for a car. But, the amount of acceleration for someone walking around a room or a robot moving around a room is very small. I'm sure there will be errors (there are errors in any measurement) and with a lot of different movements of a lot time those errors will build-up if you don't re-set or re-calibrate once in awhile. [u]Dead Reckoning[/u] is the worst, most primitive, method of navigation. 