Definitely, as long as you use a good bar-code scanner.
Such a scanner can output over Serial or sometimes blue-tooth.
Arduino can get the bar-code and compare it with a list in EEPROM or better from an SD card.
if there is a match - open sesame
With an ethernet shield and some code you could edit the list on the SD card, nothing fancy
so in short very doable and the project can be split up in several steps:
learn to open the door
compare a number with a number in a file on SD card
Triodes:
only one reply every 10 minutes... is this forum for real?
Are you for real?
Of course, you realise that barcodes are easily duplicated using a photocopier. Or if you read the number (if it has one), the Web will print you a new copy.
Some USB barcode readers can also be used as serial devices. I posted a link in this other thread to more information about converting a USB reader to a TTL device.