High-Speed Thermocouple Data Logging

Other Hardware Sensors
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  1. AD627
  2. It was for all that you mention
  3. PIC33EP32GP504 see the data sheet for ADC specs
  4. Yes

What do you mean by better performance?

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My suggestion would be to not use a Mega328 basic arduino for this. Something like an ESP32 or a Pi Pico would have the bandwidth to process this data. Remember also that you need enough memory to store however many data points you sample.

Usually when sampling this fast, an efficient way is to use the processor's DMA (Direct Memory Access) functionality that will transfer the data directly from a peripheral or communication channel (SPI, I2C, etc) into RAM at the full interface speed. I've done this when writing code on the "native" device but I confess that I don't know how much support the Arduino framework has for DMA. Taking a quick glance around, it looks like there are DMA libraries for the UNO R4 so that might bear some researching.